Mauritania, officially known as the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, is a vast and sparsely populated country in northwest Africa, bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west, Senegal to the southwest, Mali to the southeast and east, Algeria to the northeast, and Western Sahara to the north and northwest. Covering over one million square kilometers, it is the eleventh-largest country in Africa, characterized by arid landscapes that transition from the rolling dunes of the Sahara Desert in the north to the semi-arid Sahel region in the south.

The country has a rich and complex history, shaped by a confluence of Berber, Arab, and Sub-Saharan African cultures. Ancient trade routes traversed the region, linking the Mediterranean world with sub-Saharan Africa, and contributing to the spread of Islam, which remains a fundamental aspect of Mauritanian society. The nation's capital, Nouakchott, was established in 1960, the year Mauritania gained independence from French colonial rule, and it has since grown into the political and economic hub of the country.

Mauritania's population is diverse, consisting of Moorish Arabs (both White Moors, or Bidhan, and Black Moors, or Haratin), as well as various Sub-Saharan ethnic groups, including the Wolof, Soninke, and Fulani. This blend of ethnicities and cultures is reflected in the nation's social structure, languages, and customs. Arabic is the official language, while French, a legacy of colonial rule, is widely used in administration and education. Additionally, local languages such as Pulaar, Soninke, and Wolof are spoken by different ethnic communities.

The economy of Mauritania is primarily driven by agriculture, livestock, fishing, and mining. Rich in natural resources, particularly iron ore, which accounts for nearly half of the country's exports, Mauritania also possesses significant deposits of gold, copper, and offshore oil reserves. However, despite its wealth in natural resources, Mauritania faces significant economic challenges, including poverty, unemployment, and a heavy reliance on external aid.

Socially, Mauritania has made strides in education and health, but it continues to struggle with issues like human rights, particularly with regard to slavery, which, though officially abolished, persists in some forms. Additionally, the country faces environmental challenges, such as desertification and climate change, which threaten its agricultural base and the livelihoods of many of its people.

Mauritania's political landscape has been marked by periods of instability, including military coups and authoritarian rule. However, in recent years, the country has taken steps toward democratization, with elections being held and a growing civil society emerging, though challenges remain in achieving full political transparency and stability.