Iran, historically known as Persia, is a country located in Western Asia, bordered by Armenia, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Turkey, and Iraq. With a land area of approximately 1.6 million square kilometers, it is the 18th largest country in the world. Tehran, the capital and largest city, serves as the political, economic, and cultural hub of the nation.

Iran boasts a rich history that stretches back thousands of years, making it one of the cradles of civilization. Ancient Persia was home to one of the world's earliest empires, known for its contributions to art, science, and architecture. The Persian Empire, particularly under the Achaemenid dynasty (550–330 BCE), is renowned for its achievements in administration and infrastructure, including the creation of an extensive road network and the construction of the famed Persepolis complex.

Modern Iran's geopolitical significance is underscored by its strategic location and vast natural resources, particularly oil and natural gas. The country plays a pivotal role in regional and global energy markets. Its complex political landscape is marked by a theocratic system established after the 1979 Islamic Revolution, which transformed Iran from a monarchy under the Shah to an Islamic Republic led by a Supreme Leader.

Iran's society is a tapestry of diverse ethnic groups and cultures, including Persians, Azeris, Kurds, and Arabs, each contributing to the country's vibrant cultural heritage. The predominant language is Persian (Farsi), and the major religion is Islam, with the majority adhering to the Twelver Ja'fari branch of Shia Islam.

Economically, Iran faces challenges due to international sanctions and political tensions, yet it remains a key player in regional politics and a cultural powerhouse with significant contributions to literature, art, and science. Despite its turbulent modern history, Iran continues to be a nation of profound historical significance and enduring cultural influence.